Results of the Long Distance Train Study

For the first time in decades, Amtrak’s long distance routes could expand to new cities. Earlier this year, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) wrapped up a study of long distance train routes and proposed new ones. 

The study criteria stated that the new routes should link large and small communities, advance socio-economic well-being of rural areas, enhance connectivity for long-distance trains and reflect public input and local and state support for passenger trains. One outcome of that criteria is circuitous routes through small communities instead of larger cities such as Amarillo instead of Oklahoma City or Shreveport instead of Houston. Larger cities provide more riders and are a key destination for riders in smaller cities. 

The FRA also does not appear to have factored in freight train volumes and existing service, going from breadth instead of depth. High volumes of freight trains delay passenger trains and require extensive mitigations such as multiple passing sidings or even an additional track, increasing the cost of starting the service. New routes also require new stations, crew training and servicing facilities. More detailed information about individual routes start on slide 81.

▪ Chicago - Miami
This route last ran in 1979 as the Floridian, doomed by slow, dilapidated track and the rise of cheap flights to Florida. Since then, track qualify has improved. The new route includes several cities that the Floridian skipped, notably Atlanta and Indianapolis which should improve its popularity and would likely be among best performing new long distance trains in this study.

To improve ridership and revenue and increase connectivity, this train should have a section that splits off in Nashville to run to St. Louis and potentially Kansas City.

▪ Dallas/Fort Worth - Miami
Fast-growing north Texas has never had a direct train to Florida. Starting in Fort Worth, the train would go to Shreveport and then run via Louisiana bayous to New Orleans. It would then follow the former Sunset Limited route to Jacksonville but use the Florida East Coast Railroad's coastal route to get to Miami, bypassing Orlando.

Instead of serving Shreveport, this route should serve Houston and use the Sunset Limited's route into New Orleans. Rather than serve Florida's east coast, this route should serve Orlando, following the same route as the Silver Meteor. Including these two cities will substantially increase ridership and revenue and reduce capital cost to start this train.

▪ Denver - Houston
This route was last operated in 1967 as the Texas Zephyr. Linking Denver and Colorado Springs with fast-growing Dallas and Houston, this route is among the most promising in the study. However, the FRA missed an opportunity to serve larger cities during daylight hours and use track with existing passenger trains. For example, the FRA proposes to serve Amarillo in the middle of the night but could instead serve Wichita and Oklahoma City during the day. Both cities are have much larger populations and have much higher demand for Dallas and Denver trips (approximately one million airline passengers per year compared to 0.25 million in Amarillo). Amtrak also operates two trains on 553 miles of this route, reducing the capital cost to start the service.

▪ Los Angeles - Denver
This route restores the Desert Wind which last ran in 1997 and extends it to Denver via Wyoming. While the Desert Wind operated as a section of the California Zephyr, splitting in in Salt Lake City, the study proposes a dedicated service.

Running the train all the way to Chicago as a section of the California Zephyr will increase revenue and reduce the start up capital cost. Like the Desert Wind, it should split in Salt Lake City to provide adequate departure and arrival times into Las Vegas.

▪ Phoenix - Minneapolis/St. Paul
Both cities have solid demand to travel between them. However, the FRA's route proposes a less direct route to serve Sioux Falls and Omaha and then uses BNSF's busy Southern Transcon route to serve Wichita and Amarillo. The train would then have to make 30-mile reverse move to serve Albuquerque and to access Phoenix, use BNSF's curvy and slow Phoenix Subdivision. 

Instead, a section of the Southwest Chief should be split off in Kansas City for St. Paul. An another section should be split off in Albuquerque, running south to join the Sunset Limited route to Tucson and then splitting off to serve Phoenix. The track south of Albuquerque has few freight trains with along a relatively straight track but requires a signal system for faster speeds. Improvements could be shared with a state sponsored train (s) to El Paso. A small railroad owns about 50 miles of the route and significant improvements would be required. Between Deming and Tucson, the train would use Union Pacific double track main line.

▪ Dallas/Fort Worth - New York
This route would follow the Pennsylvanian's route to Pittsburgh and then serve Columbus, Indianapolis and St. Louis, which was served by the National Limited until 1979. In St. Louis, it would turn southwest to Springfield (MO), Tulsa and Oklahoma before turning south to Fort Worth and Dallas. 

One way to reduce start up capital cost is to split the Cardinal in Indianapolis, running the new section to St. Louis. It would then follow the Texas Eagle's route to Dallas and Fort Worth substantially reducing start up cost compared to the St. Louis-Oklahoma City route and also provide a more direct service. The Cardinal section would eventually be replaced by a dedicated train from New York City to Pittsburgh, Columbus and Indianapolis. 

Alternatively, the train could run to Cincinnati, Louisville, Nashville and Memphis, crossing the Mississippi to reconnect with the Texas Eagle route in Little Rock. While this route would also have a high start up cost, it has much higher revenue potential than the St. Louis-Oklahoma City route. That route may be better served by state sponsored daytime trains. 

▪ Houston - New York
This route runs via the west side of the Appalachian Mountains via Roanoke, Bristol and Chattanooga, turning south to Atlanta. It would then run to Montgomery, Mobile and New Orleans before using the Sunset Limited route to Houston. This route is slow, indirect and is unlikely to attract many passengers. It also would require substantial start up costs as large portions of the route do not host any passenger trains. It would be better served with state sponsored trains such as Virginia's planned extension to Bristol and the Chicago - Miami's Chattanooga to Atlanta route.

Instead, the Crescent should be extended from New Orleans to Houston and San Antonio, replacing the Sunset Limited which would be rerouted to Chicago to replace the Texas Eagle. 

▪ Seattle - Denver
Like the Los Angeles - Denver route, this route restores the Pioneer that last operated in 1997. Whereas the Pioneer operated as a section of the California Zephyr, this route would operate independently.

To reduce start up capital costs, this route should operate as a section of the California Zephyr, operating via Wyoming to Ogden and then to Portland and Seattle. Passengers traveling to Salt Lake City and Provo could connect via the Front Runner commuter train. Operating via Wyoming would allow for more reasonable arrival and departures times from Seattle. 

▪ San Antonio - Minneapolis/St. Paul
This route follows the historic Twin Star Rocket route. Starting in Minneapolis, it would run south to Des Moines, Kansas City, Tulsa, Dallas and San Antonio.

To reduce capital costs and serve cities with higher potential ridership potential, this train should run via Wichita and Oklahoma City, allowing it to use the Southwest Chief and Heartland Flyer's track and stations. Rather than terminating San Antonio, it should terminate in Houston. Tulsa and San Antonio could be served by state-sponsored trains. One way to restore service along part of this route more quickly is to extend the Heartland Flyer from Oklahoma City to Newton where it would pick up a coach and sleeper car from the Southwest Chief.

▪ San Francisco - Dallas/Fort Worth
This route proposed to connect the tech hub of the San Francisco Bay area with Dallas, serving Phoenix and Tucson in between. It would use the San Joaquin route from Oakland to Bakersfield, run over the busy Tehachapi pass to Barstow, following the Southwest Chief's track to Cadiz where it would use the small Arizona and California Railroad. This line would require some track upgrades and potentially a signal system. Using existing signalized freight track in Phoenix and Tucson, it would follow the Sunset Limited route to El Paso and then split to serve Midland and Abilene before arriving in Dallas. This route would take two nights and would likely draw substantial ridership and revenue.

To further boost revenue and ridership, a section for Los Angeles should be split off the train in Barstow. Once the track west of Phoenix is restored, the split could be moved there for a faster trip.

▪ Detroit - New Orleans
This route never had direct passenger service. However, the Pan-American ran between Cincinnati, Nashville, Mobile and New Orleans until 1971. The route would follow only short sections of existing passenger routes, substantially increasing start up costs. Some portions of the route would be shared with other new long distance trains though which would reduce costs.

Rather than terminate in Detroit, this train should terminate in New York City, serving Pittsburgh and Philadelphia along the way. Detroit should have a section that splits from this train in Springfield.

▪ Denver - Minneapolis/St. Paul
One of the study's challenges is the weight placed on unserved areas and smaller cities. The circuitous Denver to Minneapolis route is a perfect example. Rather than serve Des Moines and Omaha, it proposes to serve Sioux Falls and Rapid City. Despite being the largest beneficiary of the route, South Dakota officials have stated they are not interested in passenger trains.

Instead, adding a section of the California Zephyr between St. Paul, MN and Chadron, IA should be the priority. It only requires a short track connection in Chadron as well as a siding and station. Those same tracks could also be used for a future Southwest Chief section. As demand grows, a dedicated train could run on the same route.

▪ Seattle - Chicago
Last served in 1979, the North Coast Hiawatha formerly ran between Chicago and Seattle via souther Montana. It would serve the most populated parts of North Dakota and Montana and also share the line with the Empire Builder between Fargo and Chicago and between Sandpoint, ID and Pasco, WA. The Empire Builder's direct line to Seattle via the Stevens Pass reportedly lacks capacity for additional passenger trains. As such, the FRA proposes to run it via the lightly trafficked but less direct Stampede Pass. 

One way to more quickly restore partial service is to move the Empire Builder's Portland section split from Spokane, WA to Williston, ND. The Seattle section would run from Williston to Billings and Missoula before returning to its existing route in Sandpoint. The section could drop off a coach and a sleeper car in Spokane for the Portland section to pick up, maintaining Seattle's connection to northern Montana. As funding allows, the split could eventually move to Fargo, restoring service across central North Dakota. Restoring most of the North Coast Hiawatha's route as a section of the Empire Builder would substantially reduce start up cost and negate the expensive restoration of the Stampede Pass route for passenger trains.

▪ Dallas/Fort Worth - Atlanta
This route would follow the existing Crescent's route from Atlanta to Meridian and then use an existing freight route to Marshall. There, it would then follow the Texas Eagle route to Fort Worth. The train would operate overnight, leaving Atlanta in the evening and arriving in Fort Worth the following morning.

Unlike many of the proposed routes, this one already generated significant interest from stakeholders including one of the freight railroads. That plan would operate this route as a section of the Crescent, splitting in Meridian, and operate during the day. This plan would substantially reduce start up costs and compliment a future dedicated overnight train.

▪ El Paso - Billings
This route is challenged by having small cities at each end and very little demand for an end to end trip, lacking nonstop flights between its end points that every other proposed route has. While Denver would be a key draw for both cities and there is demand for a Denver to Albuquerque service, this train would likely have the lowest ridership and revenue of the study. Furthermore, track geometry and track conditions would likely make any train slow and expensive to restore.

Instead, this route should be served by two separate night trains, both originating in Denver. A day train may also be feasible between Denver and Billings which would enable an El Paso to Billings through trip via a connecting train.

This study will aid in planning for restoration of lost long distance trains and development of new ones. Its results will likely be used to develop competitive grant applications for the $66 billion in funding for passenger trains. However, the long lead time to acquire new railcars and upgrade track and stations will erode support for the program. The incoming administration will likely try to claw back some of the passenger train funding too. Therefore, finding cheaper and faster ways to augment existing long distance service and serve some of the study's communities is essential. 

Lost Trains of the White Mountains

While on a recent 12-hour car trip to New Hampshire's White Mountains, I thought there had to be a better way of getting there. Turns out there were dedicated trains to bring tourists to the Mountains.

The Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) controlled almost all of the track in New Hampshire and Massachusetts north of Boston. The railroad used three lines to access the White Mountains. 

Three routes of passenger trains to New Hampshire's White Mountains

Eastern Line

The eastern line ran from Boston to Dover, NH and north to Conway and Littleton/Bethlehem, sharing part of the route with the Maine Central Railroad. While unnamed trains had run between Boston and Littleton, the named passenger train Mountaineer replaced them around 1941. In 1945, the Flying Yankee trainset displaced the steam-hauled train as it was too small to meet demand on its Boston to Bangor route. By 1952, Budd RDCs replaced it. While the Flying Yankee had food service, the Budd cars likely did not as the B&M mostly used them for commuter service and were trying to economize on this route. The Flying Yankee was recently moved from Lincoln to North Conway for restoration to operating service on the Conway Scenic Railroad.

Flying Yankee in Lincoln, NH

While the automobiles has begun to draw away potential passengers, the opening of fast highways such as the Spaulding Turnpike in 1956 and Interstate 95 in 1950 struck the final blows. The Spaulding reduced travel times between North Conway and Boston by an hour to 2:30, faster than the Mountaineer’s 3:00 timetable and 4:00 local service with a change in Dover.

In 1956, the terminus shifted from Bretton Woods to Intervale and in 1957, was cut back to North Conway. In 1958, the Mountaineer's from two daily shuttle trains between Dover and North Conway into a single daily through train to Boston. That train also skipped eight small station stops. By early 1960, the B&M proposed removing one of the three crewmembers but discontinued the service after the two railroad unions objected. Service was restored by April after the New Hampshire Public Utility Commission ordered its restoration with two crew. This arrangement was short lived as by December 1961, that passenger train was discontinued on the Conway Branch. More details available at Wikipedia.

Today, passenger trains run from Boston to Dover on their way to Maine (Amtrak's Downeaster) and scenic trains run between North Conway and Bretton Woods. Between Dover and Ossipee, the tracks are used for freight trains carrying sand and gravel to Boston. While the tracks remain in place between Ossipee and North Conway, they are abandoned and would require complete reconstruction to be used again, making restoration highly unlikely.

Central Line

The central line ran from Boston to Manchester, Concord, Plymouth and Woodsville. It served New Hampshire’s largest cities and state capitol, connecting them to smaller towns in the northern part of the state as well as Lake Winnipesaukee. Most trains ran between Concord and Boston.

In 1954, the line between Plymouth and Woodsville was abandoned, severing the connection between New Hampshire’s largest cities and the White Mountains. While Plymouth did not have a dedicated train to New York City, it did have a seasonal sleeper car originating in Philadelphia that was removed from a Maine-bound train in Lowell until 1956. Passenger service to Plymouth was discontinued in fall of 1959.

As more logging mills and other industry closed along the tracks between Concord, Plymouth and Lincoln, abandonment seemed highly likely. But in 1975, the state of New Hampshire acquired the entire line in order to retain service to a struggling paper mill in Lincoln. In 1976, tourist railroad service began in on the line, operated by the Wolfboro Rail Road Company, for a year before financial troubles led to the Goodwin Railroad taking over until 1980 when freight service ceased after the mill closed. Tourist train service was eventually taken over by the Hobo Railroad which was recently renamed as the Granite State Scenic Railway and runs on two sections, Lincoln and Lakeport. We took a scenic train ride from Lincoln a few weeks ago.

Author and son riding the Granite State Scenic Railway

While the line still exists, it would have to be completely rebuilt from Lowell, MA to Lincoln to handle modern, fast passenger trains. Amtrak has listed the Boston-Lowell-Concord segment in its 2035 Connect US plan for restoration.

Western Line

The western line ran along the Connecticut River and only turns toward the White Mountains at Wells River, VT. All of these trains originated in New York City rather than Boston although connections to the latter were available in White River Junction and Wells River.

The Day White Mountains and Night White Mountains first appeared on the OAG’s June 1926 timetable although they were unnamed trains prior to that. Their purpose was to provide a summer connection between New York City and the White Mountains, terminating in either Berlin or Bretton Woods. Both trains made their last run in the summer of 1956 although the Day White Mountains was replaced with an unnamed Budd RDC run between White River Junction and Berlin until being discontinued in 1961. 

North Wind in the 1950's

The North Wind was a summer only daytime all-coach train between New York City and Whitefield, NH which began in 1946 and was an initial success according to B&M management. As it was a seasonal train, the earliest public timetable I could find was 1948. The train was discontinued in 1956. While the North Wind’s 8:30 travel time was close to pre-interstate driving speeds, the same driving trip takes about 6:00-6:30 today. It offered coach and parlor car service. Please see the wikipedia article for more details.

Timetable from August 1956

Today, Amtrak's Vermonter runs from Washington, DC to White River Junction, turning northwest towards St. Albans, VT. The track remains in place between White River Junction and Wells River. However, the last freight train from Wells River to Whitefield ran in 1999 and the tracks have since been converted into a trail.

While scenic trains are going strong in New Hampshire, the state has been unwilling to invest in passenger service, relegating many visitors to long car rides for the foreseeable future.

Improving the Northeast Regional

The Northeast Regional is Amtrak’s busiest service, connecting Boston, New York and Washington. Here is what could be improved. 

Background

The Northeast Regional connects Boston, New York City and Washington, DC with some trains traveling to Springfield, MA and Virginia. While the Acela is marketed and priced towards premium business travelers, the Northeast Regional is its slower and cheaper cousin, trying to be all things to all people. While it has long been Amtrak's busiest service, it carried a record 9 million passengers in fiscal year 2023. 

Prior to Amtrak, the Northeast Corridor was owned by two railroads, the Pennsylvania Railroad which owned the line south of New York City to Washington and New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad which owned the line to Boston. They cooperated to run some trains along the entire length, running five round-trips along the entire length as late as April 1971.

When Amtrak began in May 1971, there were nine round-trips between New York City and Washington, DC but only three extended to Boston. The remaining four round-trips from Boston required a transfer in New York City and one arrived too late for any connection.

Travel times were slow, taking 4:29-4:54 between Boston and New York City and 3:55 to Washington, totaling about 9:00. Amtrak gradually upgraded the tracks to reduce those travel times to 4:05, 3:15 and 7:35. In 2000, the line was electrified from New Haven to Boston which removed a time-consuming locomotive swap in New Haven.

Key improvements underway

While the Northeast Regional received new electric locomotives between 2013-2016, the train cars date back to 1975. In 2021, Amtrak ordered new trainsets from Siemens for delivery in the late 2020’s, naming them “Airo.”

For trips south of Washington, DC or to Springfield, MA, Amtrak must swap its electric locomotives for diesel, adding 0:15-0:35 to each trip. The new Airo trainsets will be dual mode, eliminating that swap. 

Amtrak has not released its exact seating capacity for its Airo trainsets but Siemens offers up to 74 coach class seats, 54 business class seats, 44 coach seats with a cafe and 62 coach seats with a cab control unit. The Airo trainsets are likely to have five coaches, one cafe/coach, one coach/cab and one business class car, totaling eight cars. This adds up to 476 coach seats and 54 business seats for a combined 530 seats, slightly more than capacity than the Northeast Regional’s seven-car Amfleet trainset (422 seats) or eight-car trainset (494 seats). 

Proposed improvements

While the new railcars are welcome, the Northeast Regional requires additional improvements to become the train of choice in the Northeast. 

Amtrak's Airo Trainset (courtesy of Amtrak)

Longer trainsets

Most Northeast Regional trainsets are seven cars long. While diesel locomotive pulling power and lower demand on the non-electrified sections to Springfield and Virginia do not warrant longer trainsets, the trainsets running on electrified segments should be 12 cars at minimum and up to 15 cars between New York City and Washington. While Amtrak’s initial order for the Northeast Regional was for 32 trainsets (256 cars), lengthening the trainsets to 12 and 15 cars would require an additional 158 cars (including a 20% spare ratio). Amtrak plans to replace most of its new Siemens ACS-64 electric locomotives with dual mode versions. However, retaining them for all-electric service will save Amtrak the cost of some new locomotives.

Increased frequencies

At present, Amtrak has not had enough cars or locomotives to add round-trips. As such, the Northeast Regional only runs every two hours south of Boston and hourly south of New York City to Washington, DC, totaling 18 daily roundtrips in 2023. The new railcar order should allow frequency should be doubled to hourly from Boston and twice per hour between New York City and Washington for a total of 36 roundtrips. 

Assigned seating

The Acela and Northeast Regional’s business class offer assigned seats. However, every other passenger must trudge up and down looking for a spare seat. If you are in a group of four or more people and board when the train is mostly full, you won’t likely be able to sit together unless the conductor has successfully shooed people out of a few pairs of seats facing each other. Assigning seats on the Northeast Regional will make it much easier for groups and families to sit together and help other passengers quickly find their seats upon boarding. 

Restored Inland Route

Massachusetts has funding to restore service to its Boston-Springfield, MA route, something I wrote about in 2016.

Unlike Massachusetts’ proposal which only restores service as far as Springfield, I propose running a train once every two hours between Boston, Springfield, and then all the way to Washington, DC and Virginia. This would allow Amtrak’s new dual-mode locomotives to operate in two non-electrified segments instead of one, reducing the number of dual-mode trainsets and allowing an all-electric service to run on the Shore Line route via Providence.

Faregates to replace conductors

Like most American railroads, Amtrak uses conductors to check passenger tickets. However, longer trainsets and frequent busy stops complicate ticket checking and many American railroads will simply add assistant conductors. However, that additional labor cost increases longer trainsets’ operating cost with no benefit to service. Amtrak should retain one conductor per train but use faregates to check tickets as is a common practice in Europe. That would will allow Amtrak to run longer and more frequent trains using the same number of employees today, increasing profits and reducing ticket prices.

Clockface timetable and standardized stopping pattern

The current Northeast Regional timetable has departures at different times: 6:10 AM, 8;15 AM, 9:20 AM from Boston for example. Clockface timetables have trains depart on the same minute each hour of the day such as 0:05 past the hour. That simplifies schedules for customers, employees and any other service that interacts with the train (commuter trains, intercity or local bus service etc). You can compare the 2023 timetable to a clockface version.

Amtrak's 2023 summer timetable

Proposed clockface timetable

Similarly, each Northeast Regional train has a unique stopping pattern. That pattern should be standardized into two patterns to provide a consistent and predictable schedule throughout the day. Here is the 2023 Northeast Regional timetable and my proposed clockface timetable.

Five smaller cities with limited Northeast Regional service should be dropped. Aberdeen (MD), Newark (DE), New Brunswick (NJ), Princeton Junction (NJ), and Newark Airport (NJ) all have commuter rail service. Those stations could also be served by a restored Clocker service to Philadelphia.

Restoring the Clocker 

One of the challenges with the Northeast Regional is that it serves differing levels of demand. For example, stations between New Haven, New York City and Philadelphia have substantial demand between them and if Amtrak sells too many Northeast Regional seats between those cities, they miss out on higher fares between more distance destinations and make it more difficult to fill seats on lower demand segments between Philadelphia and Washington, DC and New Haven and Boston. 

The solution is a dedicated, high-frequency, low-cost service between New Haven, New York City and Philadelphia, modeled on the Clocker service that Amtrak discontinued in 2005. The new Clocker service would better serve passengers looking to travel between those destinations and ensure the Northeast Regional can sell additional long-distance tickets. Passengers would still be able to buy a Northeast Regional ticket between New York City and Philadelphia but it would cost more than the Clocker, reflecting its fewer stops and faster timetable. I last wrote about the Clocker in 2019.

Amtrak serves two low platforms in Mystic and Westerly. Both platforms should be raised to provide level boarding and since they are on curves, retractable edges should be used to maintain freight train clearances. Level boarding reduces boarding time from 2-4 minutes to 0.5-1 minute and makes it easier for passengers with mobility impairments, large luggage, strollers or bicycles to quickly and easily board or alight. It negates the need for costly, slow and unreliable ADA lifts at each station.

All of these improvements will significantly increase Northeast Regional's ridership from 9 to 18 million passengers and more than 27 million if longer trainsets are ordered, diverting a significant portion of travelers from other modes to the train. While the Northeast Regional earned a $108 million profit in fiscal year 2023, the additional passengers could increase it to more than $500 million. 

Historic Passenger Trains Linking Buffalo and New York City

Today’s travelers going between New York State’s two largest cities, Buffalo and New York City, can drive, fly or take Amtrak or the bus. But as late as the 1950’s, travelers could pick from 10 day trains and 11 overnight trains each day, offered by five railroads.

Map showing five railroads' routes

Brown: Pennsylvania Railroad

Red: Lehigh Valley Railroad

Yellow: Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad 

Orange: Erie Railroad

Green: New York Central Railroad

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (DL&W) ran a daylight service from Hoboken, NJ to Buffalo via Scranton, Binghamton, Elmira and Dansville. The DL&W's Buffalo station was built along the waterfront to facilitate train-to-ship transfers and still exists today as the repair shops and storage yard for the Buffalo Metrorail. Of the five routes, it was the second fastest and shortest by mileage. The most famous named train was the Phoebe Snow. Created in 1900 as a fictional woman clad in a white dress, this marketing character was named to promote the anthracite coal used by the DL&W which burned cleaner than other types. Formerly known as the Lackawanna Limited, the train was renamed in 1949 for Phoebe Snow and streamlined at that time. The Snow was replaced in late 1966 with an overnight service which was discontinued in 1969, ending DL&W service between Buffalo and New York City. 

The ne'er-do-well Erie Railroad was the first to quit the New York City-Buffalo route in 1951. Their unnamed overnight service left Jersey City, NJ in the late evening, arriving in Buffalo after lunch the next day, taking more than 12 hours. Their route was one of the oldest (some sections opened in 1851) and slowest. They were also the first to abandon their Buffalo station in 1935, moving to the Lehigh Valley's station. The service stopped in Port Jervis, Binghamton, and Elmira, the latter two paralleling the DL&W. The route followed every curve of the scenic Delaware River from Port Jervis to Deposit and ran over a high bridge over the falls of Genesee River at Letchworth State Park.

Unlike the Erie and DL&W's New Jersey stations, Lehigh Valley Railroad (LV) used the more convenient Pennsylvania Station in New York City. Its fastest train ran between Buffalo and New York City in about 9.5 hours. Stopping in Allentown, Wilkes-Barrie and Ithaca, its Black Diamond daytime service was named for the coal it hauled out of Pennsylvania. The Diamond’s last run was in 1959. The LV also ran The Star, a dedicated overnight service between Buffalo and New York City. Its Maple Leaf service ran overnight between Toronto and New York City in almost 13 hours, slightly slower than Amtrak’s present-day Maple Leaf. The LV’s remaining passenger trains ended in 1961 and its Buffalo station was demolished in 1960 to construct the William J. Donovan State Office Building, named for the Buffalo-born found of the CIA-predecessor agency. After it closed in 2007, that building was also slated for demolition but was recently converted into a hotel and restaurant.

The New York Central Railroad had the best route between Buffalo and New York City with no mountain ranges to cross and large cities in between. It also had the best-located station in New York City at Grand Central in the heart of midtown Manhattan. Of the five historic passenger train routes between Buffalo and New York City, their route is the only one that still hosts passenger trains. The Central ran multiple daytime trains in as little as 7.5 hours until Amtrak took over in 1971. The route had a number of named trains but among the most famous is the Empire State Express which lends its name to the modern-day Empire Service operated by Amtrak. Five trains provided day time service, five provided overnight service and several others stopped in Buffalo in the middle of the night. The Central used the magnificent Buffalo Central Terminal as did Amtrak in 1979. Startijg 1967, the Central reorganized it's trains into a clockface timetable, replacing most of its overnight trains with day trains departing New York City every 2 hours on the half hour.

The Pennsylvania Railroad operated daylight and overnight service between Buffalo and New York City. Its route was the slowest and least direct, stopping at North Philadelphia and Harrisburg before turning north to Buffalo with stops at Williamsport and Olean. The final years required a change of train in Harrisburg to catch the Northern Express or Southern Express which ran between Buffalo and Washington, DC. The day train took 12.5 hours and the overnight service left shortly after dinner to arrive in Buffalo by 8:30 AM. The Pennsy used Buffalo Central Terminal in its later years. This route last ran the day before Amtrak began in 1971.

Today, only four daily day trains connect New York City with Buffalo, taking 8.25 hours, about 45 minutes slower than Amtrak's initial 1971 schedule.

Retracing the route of the East Wind

Fed up with driving and buoyed by an Amtrak child fare sale, I recently booked three tickets from Alexandria, VA to Dover, NH with a connection in Boston for a summer trip. This modern-day route parallels the East Wind, a seasonal day train that briefly connected Washington, DC with Maine.

In the days before widespread air conditioning and air travel, many Americans would travel north to northern New England and Canada for vacations in the cooler air. Capitalizing on this trend, the East Wind began in 1940 as a limited stop, daytime all-coach seasonal service from Washington, DC to Bangor, ME. Conceived by the Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M), it also operated on the Maine Central, New Haven Railroad, and Pennsylvania. At the time, most long-distance trains were overnight sleeper services including the B&M’s own Bar Harbor Express and State of Maine and those additional fares for the sleeper service went to the Pullman Company instead of the railroads themselves.

The East Wind’s consist included a baggage car, three coaches, a tavern-lounge car and a dining car. For its first three seasons, the two trainsets were painted yellow but after World War II, the trainsets had the liveries of the operating railroads. The train would have held 200-250 passengers depending on how many seats each coach held.

                    1941 Timetable                                                1955 Timetable

    

Here are some of the timetables from 1941-1955 as well as two potential timetables for a restored service.

Initially, most of the train ran between Washington and Portland with two cars being attached to the Pine Tree in Portland for service to Bangor. In 1947, the terminus moved from Washington to New York Penn Station although thru car service was maintained to Philadelphia. In 1950, Grand Central Terminal replaced Penn Station as the terminus, removing the Pennsylvania Railroad as one of the East Wind’s operators. The train initially had connecting service in Lowell to Plymouth, NH via Lake Winnipesaukee, Rockland, ME with a connection in Portland, and Lewiston, ME in Portland as well.

The B&M’s annual reports noted that the East Wind revenue was outstandingly good for its first several seasons. One reason was that it was marketed as an alternative to driving. One poster read, Who now would think of driving over hot, crowded highways, when so superbly appointed a train awaits?

When the East Wind began, most of the interstate highways had yet to be constructed and while some of the main travel routes such as Route 1 had interstate-like elements, with limited grade separation and higher speed limits, roadside gas stations, restaurants and motels had sprung up alongside too, making these routes dangerous, congested and slow. However, the advent of tolled turnpikes and interstates significantly reduced travel times and relegated roadside amenities to exits and rest stops. For example, following Route 1 instead of I-95 just in Maine adds one hour of travel time. As more interstates were constructed, train travel times were unable to keep up and more people abandoned trains for the automobile. By 1955, the East Wind ran for its last summer. While it was scheduled to run through September 11, the train ended three weeks early thanks to a hurricane washing out tracks in southern New England.

Resuming direct train service to northern New England is feasible. Following its original route from Washington, DC to New Haven, it would then use the recently upgraded Hartford Line to Springfield. It would use CSX freight railroad’s Springfield-Worcester line which Massachusetts plans to upgrade to add more service. In Worcester, it would switch to a lightly used CSX line that has not hosted passenger trains since 1960, running to Ayer. It would then use CSX’s line to Lowell and Ballardvale where it would link to the existing Downeaster service. That 52-mile section of track would require upgrades to allow 79 mph passenger trains. 

One way to restore service quickly is to add five cars to the Vermonter and split that train to Springfield, allowing five new cars to run to Maine. If the new train replaces one of the Downeaster’s frequencies, only five new cars and one additional locomotive would be needed. Initially, the train would take 11:46 between Washington and Portland (see timetable below), slower than the East Wind’s 11:15, but subsequent upgrades could reduce travel time to 9:00.

Until the East Wind returns, I look forward to my train trip via Boston.

Amtrak Night Train

Europeans are rapidly restoring overnight train routes as a way to combat climate change. Amtrak could implement a similar service in the US and augment its existing overnight trains with a new sleeper product.

Cheaper sleeper product

Amtrak’s current sleeper products, the bedroom and roomette, are in high demand and take up similar amounts of space compared to European sleepers. On most days and for most trains, a bed is an expensive luxury and therefore, overnight passenger trains are not financially feasible for most passengers. Both products include "free" meals and most cars have one attendant to make up beds and serve the passengers throughout the night. Most trains have a dining car too.

Couchette in newest Nightjet trains with four beds

Austria's Nightjet service also offers a bedroom product similar to Amtrak. But Nightjet also offers couchettes which take up a similar amount of space to a bedroom but can sleep up to four or even six passengers, spreading the cost of service over more passengers than Amtrak's two passengers per bedroom. Similarly, Nightjet's three-person couchette occupies as much space as a two-person roomette. Nightjet attendants bring a light breakfast to each room and couchette rather than towing a dedicated dining car. In terms of staffing, couchette passengers make up their own beds instead of relying on one attendant per car. Nightjet's handful of staff are contractors and perform multiple roles such as attaching cars and serving breakfast. Like Amtrak, Nightjet routes are partially subsidized by the government.

Routes

Most Nightjet routes take at least six hours to drive and depart in the evening and arrive in the morning. Amtrak's routes would make stops between 6 pm and midnight and run nonstop until 6 am.

California Night Train

A private company recently proposed reconnecting Los Angeles with San Francisco using refurbished rolling stock to offer a luxury product. Amtrak could offer a lower-cost option to more destinations, particularly San Diego, as this intra-state travel market is enormous. For two years in the early 1980's, Amtrak offered the Spirit of California sleeper service between Los Angeles, Oakland and Sacramento. Amtrak's Night Train could initially serve those markets via a connection to the Capitol Corridor and eventually offer dedicated sleeping cars once demand is built up. While the Coast Starlight connects Los Angeles and San Jose, San Diego and San Francisco require a connecting train. The Coast Line between Los Angeles and San Jose is relatively uncongested in terms of freight trains and no track improvements would be necessary. Proposed timetable

Rocky Mountain Night Train

Like San Diego and Los Angeles, Denver and Salt Lake City are also an eight hours drive apart. The California Zephyr offers a day train between the two cities westbound. But eastbound, it departs at 3 am and takes 15 hours, a perfect travel time for overnight service. Both cities offer buses, light rail and commuter rail services. Due to the decline of coal, the route sees fewer freight trains than even a decade ago so no track improvements would be required although a new connection in Provo would allow the service to use Frontrunner's passenger track and stations such as Ogden.

Northeast Night Train

Amtrak offered this route between Boston and Washington until 2003 and even resumed it for 8 months in 2021. For the 2021 resumption, Amtrak merely coupled a few sleeper cars to an existing overnight coach train. The Night Train service would offer both sleeper and couchette service and could eventually expand to up to 12 cars depending on demand.

Rolling stock

Amtrak recently completed a decade-long order to obtain 25 Viewliner sleeper cars, providing some spare cars for the first time since the late 1990s. Amtrak also ordered similar coaches to the Nightjet of the future rolling stock which will enter service next year. Those seven-car sets offer 2 sleeper cars (up to 20 passengers in 10 rooms), 3 couchette cars (28 minisuites for one passenger and 3 couchettes holding up to 12), a service coach and a 66-seat coach. Amtrak could simply tack on some couchette cars to their existing order. Nightjet's minisuites for single travelers do not force strangers to share a room, a key challenge with couchette service. Amtrak and its predecessor railroads once operated the Slumbercoach which had 24 single rooms and 8 two-person ones which cost significantly less than roomettes and bedrooms.

Mini-suites from Rail Journal

Additional cars could be ordered for Amtrak's shorter one-night long-distance services such as the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited. Initially, spare Viewliners and Amfleets would be used but if the routes are successful, newer models could replace them. While coach seating could be sold at a low price for overnight travelers, it could also be used by local passengers to provide early morning and late evening service in places where it would not be economical to run a dedicated day train.

Expansion

Should these three routes be successful, additional routes could be added such as:

• Washington to Montreal via Vermont (last operated in 1995)
• Chicago to Minneapolis (last operated in 1981)
• Boston to Raleigh and Charlotte
• Boston to Pittsburgh
• Washington to Cleveland and Detroit
• Atlanta to Miami
• Atlanta to Dallas
• Atlanta to New Orleans
• Denver to Dallas
• New Orleans to Dallas
• St. Louis to Detroit and Minneapolis
• New York City to Toronto (last operated in 1995)
• Washington to Brunswick (Maine)

Henson Creek Trail

I rode the Hensen Creek Trail for the first time despite living nearby for 6 years. The trail runs from Oxon Hill Rd for 5.7 miles to Temple Hill Rd in Prince Georges County, Maryland.

I began by riding 8.75 miles to the trail. After crossing the Wilson Bridge, I rode up a sidepath adjacent to the MGM Casino. Having ridden up the wicked steep Oxon Hill on my non-electric bike and with a tandem partner, riding up via e-bike was a lot of fun. Riding south along Oxon Hill Rd is a contrast of experiences, from a sidepath along four-lane stroad, bike lanes along a two-lane road, a 550’ long southbound only protected bike lane, and underused parking lanes with shared travel lanes. There is a short dashed green bike lane near the trail entrance. 

The trail itself is well-shaded and generally in decent physical shape with just one large root bump. In several places, Henson Creek has eaten away parts of the trail but fortunately, all of those sections had been repaired relatively recently although one repair looked it would be undermined during the next heavy rain storm. 

However at the Tucker Road Community Center, the trail dumps riders into a parking lot with no wayfinding signs to the next section. After consulting Google Maps, I rode along Tucker Rd’s wide bike lanes, turned right into the Tucker Road Athletic Complex and eventually picked up the trail again along a maintenance road. This was a frustrating and easily fixable problem. Tucker Rd was the only grade crossing for the entire 5.8 miles! Other parts of the trail
have Dutch-style mushroom wayfinding markers.

Despite being a warm fall day, I saw only about a dozen people using the trail including just three other cyclists, a sharp contrast to how busy many other trails are in the region. Part of this is due to lack of connectivity. Getting from the Wilson Bridge to the trailhead is 5.3 miles in less than family-friendly conditions. I could have saved 2 miles by going via bike lane-less Kerby Hill Rd and Livingston Rd but those routes seems less than safe. At the northern end, the nearest trails are more than four miles away in Washington, DC. Connecting trails at both ends expands the pool of potential users. 

The other reason I suspect there were few users is because there are just four trail spurs to nearby homes, only one of which was multi-family neighborhood. There are nine multi-family apartment and condo complexes and three single-family home neighborhoods with no direct, convenient connections to the trail. Abutting neighbors are often the most frequent trail users yet Prince Georges County has no plans to connect any of these complexes to the Henson Creek Trail.

Author at the north trailhead 

Fortunately, there are plans to build a 2-mile trail connection between Oxon Hill and the mid-point of Henson Creek Trail near Tucker Road Community Center. The same plan calls for an extension to Branch Ave Metro which has a burgeoning multi-family neighborhood. Hopefully, those plans will make Henson Creek Trail a more accessible option.